Abstract
Increased oxidative stress is a common feature observed in many different types of cancer. Depending on the radical formed, its concentration, and cellular location where its generation occurs, reactive oxygen species (ROS) have multiple functions within tumor cells. ROS-induced macromolecule damage can contribute to tumor initiation. Low levels of ROS can initiate cellular signaling pathways that mediate tumor cell proliferation, survival and tumor progression to a metastatic phenotype. High levels of ROS initiate signaling pathways that mediate tumor cell death, but also contribute to formation of cancer stem cells that induce tumor recurrence. Understanding the multitude and complexity of ROS-regulated pathways in cancer cells and targeted modulation of intracellular ROS levels using antioxidants or chemotherapy at different stages of tumor progression may be an effective strategy for combination therapy.
Keywords
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- 2DG:
-
2-deoxyglucose
- 4-HNE:
-
4-Hydroxy-noneal
- Ask1:
-
apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1
- ATM:
-
ataxia telangiectasia mutated
- BSO:
-
L-S, R-buthionine sulphoximine
- CSC:
-
cancer stem cells
- DR:
-
death receptor
- DRL:
-
death receptor ligand
- EGF:
-
epidermal growth factor
- EGF-R:
-
epidermal growth factor-receptor
- Erk1/2:
-
extracellular-regulated kinases 1/2
- FOXO:
-
forkhead homeobox type O
- GF:
-
growth factor
- GF-R:
-
growth factor receptor
- GSH:
-
glutathione
- GSSG:
-
glutathione disulphide
- GPX:
-
glutathione peroxidase
- GST:
-
Glutathione S-transferase
- H2O2 :
-
hydrogen peroxide
- HIF-1:
-
hypoxia-inducible factor-1
- JNK:
-
c-Jun N-terminal Kinase
- MAPK:
-
mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MMP:
-
matrix metalloproteinase
- MPTP:
-
mitochondrial permeability transition pore
- mROS:
-
mitochondrial ROS
- NF-κB:
-
nuclear factor κ-B
- NOX:
-
NADPH oxidase
- PDK1:
-
phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1
- PDGF:
-
platelet-derived growth factor
- PDGF-R:
-
platelet-derived growth factor-receptor
- PI3-K:
-
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- PKC:
-
protein kinase C
- PKD:
-
protein kinase D
- ROS:
-
reactive oxygen species
- Prdx:
-
peroxiredoxin
- PTEN:
-
phosphatase and tensin homologue
- SOD:
-
superoxide dismutase
- TGFβ:
-
transforming growth factor β
- TIMP:
-
tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases
- TNFα:
-
tumor necrosis factor α
- VEGF:
-
vascular epithelial growth factor.
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Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank Heike Döppler and Jenni Bachhofer for critical reading of the manuscript. Work in the Storz laboratory is supported by the NIH grants GM86435 and CA140182.
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Storz, P. (2013). Oxidative Stress in Cancer. In: Jakob, U., Reichmann, D. (eds) Oxidative Stress and Redox Regulation. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5787-5_15
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